The effects of physical exercise on immune response in HIV infected that use antiretroviral treatment
Abstract
Introduction: The HIV / AIDS is responsible for 25 million deaths and 40 million people infected worldwide. The antiretroviral therapy is the treatment used to combat the virus, retrograding the disease. The physical exercise can be an attractive supplement to antiretroviral therapy in rehabilitating the capacity of exercise and functional status of individuals infected with HIV. Objective: This study aimed at evaluating the effects of different types of exercises on the immune response in individuals infected with HIV, making antiretroviral therapy of high activity. Review of Literature: The most important factor in natural history of HIV is the body's inability to sustain the infected immune-response vigorous expressed immediately after infection and during the primary stage of infection. The high activity of antiretroviral therapy reduces the progression of the disease, however has caused a possible metabolic changes in these individuals. The physical exercise can assist in the regulation of these changes caused by the use of antiretroviral therapy, thus improving their physical and mental capacity. Conclusion: The physical exercise causes improvements in cardiovascular capacity, with an increase in physical fitness, in maximum consumption of oxygen, in strength and muscle mass, and some beneficial physiological changes, provided that its practice is regular.
References
- Abbas, A.K.; Lichtman, H.; Pober, J.S. Imunologia Celular e Molecular: Imunodeficiências Congênitas e Adquiridas. 3ª edição. Rio de Janeiro. Editora Revinter. 2000. p. 469-471.
- Barros, E.S.; Araújo, A.B.; Freitas, M.R.; Liberato, E. C. Influência da Alimentação na Lipodistrofia em Portadores de HIV-AIDS Praticantes de Atividade Física Regular. Revista Brasileira de Prescrição e Fisiologia do Exercício. São Paulo. Vol. 1. Num. 2. 2007. p. 13-18.
- Bauer, A.M.; Sternfeld, T.; Horster, S.; Schunk, M.; Goebel, F-D.; Bogner, J.R. Kinetics of Lactate Metabolism After Submaximal Ergometric Exercise in HIV-infected Patients. HIV Medicine. Vol. 5. Num. 5. 2004. p. 371-376.
- Bhasin, S.; Storer, T.W.; Javanbakht, M.; Berman, N.; Yarasheski, K.E.; Phillips, J.; Dike, M.; Sinha-Hikim, I.; Shen, R.; Hays, R.D.; Beall, G. Testosterone Replacement and Resistance Exercise in HIV-Infected Men with Weight Loss and low Testosterone Levels. JAMA. Vol. 283. Num. 6. 2000. p. 763-770.
- Cade, W.T.; Peralta, L.; Keyser, R.E. Aerobic Exercise Dysfunction in Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Potential Link to Physical Disability. Physical Therapy. Vol. 84. Num. 7. 2004. p. 655-664.
- Cade, W.T.; Reeds, D.N.; Mittendorfer, B.; Patterson, B.W.; Powderly, W.G.; Klein, S.; Yarasheski, K.E. Blunted Lipolysis and Fatty Acid Oxidation During Moderate Exercise in HIV-infected Subjects Taking HAART. American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism. Num. 292. 2007. p. 812-819.
- Ciccolo, J.T.; Jowers, E.M.; Bartholomew, J.B. The Benefits of Exercise Training for Quality of Life in HIV/AIDS in the Post-HAART Era. Sports Medicine. Vol. 34. Num. 8. 2004. p. 487-499.
- Dolan, S.E.; Frontera, W.R.; Librizzi, J.; Ljungquist, K.; Juan, S.; Dorman, R.; Cole, M. E.; Kanter, J.R.; Grinspoon, S. Effects of a Supervised Home-Based Aerobic and Progressive Resistance Training Regimen in Women Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Randomized Trial. Archives of Internal Medicine. Vol. 166. 2006. p. 1225-1231.
- Driscoll, S.D.; Meininger, G.E.; Ljungquist, K.; Hadigan, C.; Torriani, M.; Klibanski, A.; Frontera, W.R.; Grinspoon, S. Differential Effects of Metformin and Exercise on Muscle Adiposity and Metabolic Indices in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology e Metabolism. Vol. 89. Num. 5. 2004. p. 2171-2178.
- Esposito, J.G.; Thomas, S.G.; Kingdon, L.; Ezzat, S. Growth Hormone Treatment Improves Peripheral Muscle Oxigen Extraction-Utilization During Exercise in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Wasting: A Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology e Metabolism. Vol. 89. Num. 10. 2004. p. 5124-5131.
- Ferreira, C.K.O.; Prestes, J.; Donatto, F.F.; Vieira, W.H.B.; Palanch, A.C.; Cavaglieri, C.R. Efeitos Agudos do Exercício de Curta Duração sobre a Capacidade Fagocitária de Macrófagos Peritoneais em Ratos Sedentários. Revista Brasileira de Fisioterapia. São Carlos. Vol. 11. Num. 3. 2007. p. 191-197.
- Florindo, A.A.; Latorre, M.R.D.O.; Santos, E.C.M.; Negrão, C.E.; Azevedo, L.F.; Segurado, A.A.C. Validity and Reliability of the Baecke Questionnaire for the Evaluation oh Habitual Physical Activity among People Living with HIV/AIDS. Caderno de Saúde Pública. Rio de Janeiro. Vol. 22. Num. 3. 2006. p. 535-541.
- Foschini, D.; Prestes, J.; Charro, M.A. Relação Entre Exercício Físico, Dano Muscular e Dor Muscular de Início Tardio. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria e Desempenho Humano. Vol. 9. Num. 1. 2007. p. 101-106.
- Friman, G.; Wesslén, L. Infections and Exercise in High-Performance Athletes. Immunology and Cell Biology. Vol. 78. Num. 5. 2000. p. 510-522.
- Gavrila, A.; Tsiodras, S.; Doweiko, J.; Nagy, G.S.; Brodovicz, K.; Hsu, W.; Karchmer, A.W.; Mantzoros, C.S. Exercise and Vitamin E Intake are Independently Associated with Metabolic Abnormalities in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Subjects: A Cross-Sectional Study. Clinical Infectious Disease. Num. 36. p. 1593-1601.
- Guyton, A.C.; Hall, J.E. Tratado de Fisiologia Médica: Células Sanguíneas, Imunidade e Coagulação do Sangue. 10ª ed. México. Mc Graw Hill Interamericana. 2001. p. 449-521.
- Jaime, P.T.; Florindo, A.A.; Latorre, M.R. D.O.; Segurado, A.A.C. Central Obesity and Dietary Intake in HIV/AIDS Patients. Revista de Saúde Pública. Vol. 40. Num. 4. 2006. p. 634-640.
- Johnson, J.A.; Albu, J.B.; Engelson, E.S.; Fried, S.K.; Inada, Y.; Ionescu, G.; Kotler, D.P. Increased Systemic and Adipose Tissue Cytokines in Patients with HIV-associated Lipodystrophy. American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism. Num. 286. 2004. p. 261-271.
- Leandro, C.; Nascimento, E.; Manhães-de-Castro, R.; Duarte, J.A.; de-Castro, C.M.M.B. Exercício Físico e Sistema Imunológico: Mecanismos e Integrações. Revista Portuguesa de Ciências do Desporto. Vol. 2. Num. 5. 2002. p. 80-90.
- Meira, D.A.; Souza, L.R.; Calvi, S.A.; Lima, C.R.G.; Henriques, R.M.S.; Pardini, M.I.; Silva, V.A.; Iuan, F.C.; Marcondes-Machado, J. Correlation Between Cytokine Serum Levels, Number of CD4+T Cells/mm³ and Viral Load in HIV-1 Infected Individuals With or Without Antiretroviral Therapy. The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases. Vol. 10. Num. 3. 2004. p. 293-310.
- Milinkovic, A.; Martinez, E. Current Perspectives on HIV-associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. Num. 56. 2005. p. 6-9.
- Palermo, P.C.G.; Feijó, O.G. Exercício Físico e infecção pelo HIV: Atualização e Recomendações. Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia do Exercício. Vol. 2. Num. 3. 2003. p. 218-246.
- Pedersen, B.K.; Hoffman-Goetz, L. Exercise and the Immune System: Regulation, Integration and Adaptation. Physiological Reviews. Vol. 80. Num. 3. 2000. p. 1055-1081.
- Petersen, A.M.W.; Pedersen, B.K. The Anti-inflammatory Effect of Exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology. Num. 98. 2005. p. 1154-1162.
- Prestes, J.; Ferreira, C.K.O.; Frollini, A.B.; Dias, R.; Donatto, F.F.; Guereschi, M.G.; Palanch, A.C.; Perez, S.E.A.; Cavaglieri, C.R. Influência do Exercício Físico Agudo Realizado até Exaustão Sobre o Número de Leucócitos, Linfócitos e Citocinas Circulantes. Fitness & Performance Journal. Rio de Janeiro. Vol. 6. Num. 1. 2007. p. 32-37.
- Prestes, J.; Foschini, D.; Donatto, F.F. Efeitos do Exercício Físico sobre o Sistema Imune. Revista Brasileira de Ciências da Saúde. Num. 7. 2006. p. 52-65.
- Robinson, F.P.; Quinn, L.T.; Rimmer, J.H. Effects oh High-Intensity Endurance and Resístance Exercise on HIV Metabolic Abnormalities: A Pilot Study. Biological Research for Nursing. Vol. 8. Num. 3. 2007. p. 177-185.
- Rosa, L.F.P.B.C.; Batista Júnior, M.L. Efeito do Treinamento Físico como Modulador Positivo nas Alterações no Eixo Neuroimunoendócrino em Indivíduos com Insuficiência Cardíaca Crônica: Possível Atuação do fator de Necrose Tumoral-α. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte. Vol. 11. Num. 4. p. 238-242.
- Rosa, L.F.P.B.C.; Vaisberg, M.W. Influências do Exercício na Resposta Imune. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte. Vol. 8. Num 4. 2002. p. 167-172.
- Roubenoff, R.; Skolnik, P.R.; Shevitz, A.; Snydman, L.; Wang, A.; Melanson, S.; Gorbach, S. Effect of a Single Bout of Acute Exercise on Plasma Human Immunodeficiency Virus RNA Levels. Journal of Applied Physiology. Num. 86. 1999. p. 1197-1201.
- Sattler, F.R.; Jaque, S.V.; Schoeder, E.T.; Olson, C.; Dube, M.P.; Martinez, C.; Briggs, W.; Horton, R.; Azen, S. Effects of Pharmacological Doses of Nandrolone Decanoate and Progressive Resistance Training in Immunodeficient Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. Vol. 84. Num. 4. 1999. p. 1268-1276.
- Sattler, F.R.; Schoeder, E.T.; Dube, M.P.; Jaque, S.V.; Martinez, C.; Blanche, P.J.; Azen, S.; Krauss, R.M. Metabolic Effects of Nandrolone Decanoate and Resistance Training in Men with HIV. American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism. Num. 283. 2002. p. 1214-1222.
- Scevola, D.; Di Matteo, A.; Lanzarini, P.; Uberti, F.; Scevola, S.; Bernini, V.; Spoladore, G.; Faga, A. Effect of Exercise and Strength Training on Cardiovascular Status in HIV-infected Patients Receiving Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. AIDS. Num. 17. Suppl. 1. 2003. p. 123-129.
- Strawford, A.; Barbieri, T.; Loan, M.V.; Parks, E.; Catlin, D.; Barton, N.; Neese, R.; Christiansen, M.; King, J.; Hellerstein, M. K. Resistance Exercise and Supraphysiologic Androgen Therapy in Eugonadal Men with HIV-Related Weight Loss: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA. Vol. 281. Num. 14. p. 1282-1290.
- Thomaz G.S.; Esposito, J.G.; Ezzat, S. Exercise Training Benefits Growth Hormone (GH)-Deficient Adults in the Absence or Presence of GH Treatment. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. Vol. 88. Num. 12. 2003. p. 5734-5738.
- Valente, A.M.M.; Reis, A.F.; Machado, D.M.; Succi, R.C.M.; Chacra, A.R. Alterações Metabólicas da Síndrome Lipodistrófica do HIV. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabologia. Vol. 49. Num. 6. 2005. p. 871-881.
- Yarasheski, K.E.; Tebas, P.; Stanerson, B.; Claxton, S.; Marin, D.; Bae, K.; Kennedy, M.; Tantisiriwat, W.; Powderly, W.G. Resistance Exercise Training Reduces Hypertriglyceridemia in HIV-infected Men Treated with Antiretroviral Therapy. Journal of Applied Physiology. Num. 90. 2001. p. 133-138.
- Zimmermmann, J.B.; Melo, V.H.; Castro, L.P.F.; Alves, M.J.M.; Zimmermmann, S.G.; Del Castillo, D.M. Associação entre a Contagem de Linfócitos T CD4+ e a Gravidade da Neoplasia Intra-epitelial Cervical Diagnosticada pela Histopatologia em Mulheres Infectadas pelo HIV. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. Vol. 28. Num. 6. 2006. p. 345-351.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License BY-NC which allows the sharing of the work with acknowledgment of the authorship of the work and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are authorized to enter into additional contracts separately for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (eg, publishing in institutional repository or book chapter), with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are allowed and encouraged to post and distribute their work online (eg, in institutional repositories or on their personal page) at any point before or during the editorial process, as this can bring about productive change as well as increase impact and impact. citation of published work (See The Effect of Free Access).
