Aerobic training of 24 weeks positively alter the hemodynamic variables in type 2 diabetics
Abstract
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is considered a serious public health problem and its prevalence gradually increases due to the industrialization process. The treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) includes medications and non-medications, such as changes in diet, regular physical exercise and suspension of smoking habits. Objective: The present study evaluated the aerobic physical training (APT) effects on anthropometric, glycemic, insulinemic, and hemodynamic parameters of DM2 individuals. Material and Method: Two groups were evaluated: CG (n=39): sedentary; EG (n=36): subjected to APT, 3 times/week, 50min/session, accumulating 150min/week. Seven skinfolds, abdominal circumference, waist and hip were measured, as well as blood samples were collected for fasting glucose and insulin analysis OGTT, and glycated hemoglobin determination. For BP measurement was used sphygmomanometer plus stethoscope, and a frequencimeter to FC determination. Results: The sum of skinfolds present significant difference between pre and post- APT and, when compared to GC, GE showed lower values. There was no change in the biochemical variables; on the other hand, the hemodynamic ones showed significant decreases in all parameters analyzed. Conclusion: The APT stimulated decreases in hemodynamic variables, as well as a slightly reduced in the body fat of DM2 individuals.
References
-Alam, S.; Stolinski, M.; Pentecost, C.; Boroujerdi, M. A.; Jones, R. H.; Sonksen, P. H.; Umpleby, A. M. The effect of a six-month exercise program on very low-density lipoprotein apolipoprotein B secretion in type 2 diabetes. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. Vol. 89. Num. 2. 2004. p. 688-694.
-Almeida, M. B.; Araújo, C. G. Efeitos do treinamento aeróbio sobre a frequência cardíaca. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte. Vol. 9. Num. 2. 2003. p. 104-112.
-Amaral, S. L.; Zorn, T. M.; Michelini, L. C. Exercise training normalizes wall-to-lumen ratio of the gracilis muscle arterioles and reduces pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Journal of hypertension. Vol. 18. Num. 11. 2000. p. 1563-1572.
-American Diabetes Association-ADA. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2010. Diabetes Care. Vol. 33. Num. Suppl 1. 2010. p. S11-61.
-Bjørgaas, M. R.; Vik, J. T.; Stølen, T.; Lydersen, S.; Grill, V. Regular use of pedometer does not enhance beneficial outcomes in a physical activity intervention study in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism: clinical and experimental. Vol. 57. Num. 5. 2008. p. 605-611.
-Boulé, N. G.; Haddad, E.; Kenny, G. P.; Wells, G. A.; Sigal, R. J. Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Journal of the American Medical Association. Vol. 286. Num. 10. 2001. p. 1218-1227.
-Boulé, N. G.; Weisnagel, S. J.; Lakka, T. A.; Tremblay, A.; Bergman, R. N.; Rankinen, T.; Leon, A. L.; Skinner, J. S.; Wilmore, J. H.; Rao, D. C.; Bouchard, C. Efeitos do treinamento físico na homeostase da glicose: o Estudo da Família HERITAGE. Diabetes Car. Vol. 28, Num. 1. 2005. p. 108-114.
-Brasil, Ministério da Saúde. Indicadores e dados básicos para a saúde – IDB. 2006.
-Cambri, L. T.; Decimo, J. P.; Souza, M.; Oliveira, F. R.; Gevaerd, M. S. Efeito agudo do exercício físico no perfil glicêmico e lipídico em diabéticos do tipo 2. Motriz. Vol.13. Num. 4. 2007. p. 238-248.
-Cizmić, M.; Zivotić-Vanović, M.; Zivanić, S.; Dragojević, R. Effect of a two-week program of individually monitored physical activity on insulin resistance in obese non-insulin-dependent diabetics. Vojnosanitetski pregled. Vol. 60. Num. 6. 2003. p. 683-690.
-Cuff, D. J.; Meneilly, G. S.; Martin, A.; Ignaszewski, A.; Tildesley, H. D.; Frohlich, J. J. Effective exercise modality to reduce insulin resistance in women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. Vol. 26. Num. 1. 2003. p. 2977-2982.
-Goodyear, L. J.; Kahn, B. B. Exercise, glucose transport and insulin sensitivity. Annual review of medicine. Vol. 49. 1998. p. 235-261.
-Higashi, Y. M.; Yoshizumi, M. Exercise and endothelial function: role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide and oxidative stress in health subjects and hypertensive patients. Pharmacology & therapeutics. Vol. 102. Num. 1. 2004. p.87-96.
-Holton, D. R.; Colberg, S. R.; Nunnold, T.; Parson, H. K.; Vinik, A. I. The effect of an aerobic exercise training program on quality of life in type 2. The Diabetes educator. Vol. 29. Num. 5. 2003. p. 837-846.
-International Diabetes Federation-IDF. Diabetes Atlas. 5th ed. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation. 2011.
-Jackson, A. S.; Pollock, M. L. Practical assessment of body composition. The Physician and Sportsmedicine. Vol. 13. Num. 5. 1985. p.76-90.
-Kadoglou, N. P. E.; Iliadis, F.; Liapis, C. D.; Perrea, D.; Angelopoulou, N.; Alevizos, M. Beneficial effects of combined treatment with rosiglitazone and exercise on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. Vol. 30. Num. 9. 2007. p. 2242-2244.
-Karvonen, M. J.; Kentala, E.; Mustala, O. The effects of training on heart rate: a “longitudinal” study. Annales medicinae experimentalis et biologiae Fenniae. Vol. 35. Num. 3. 1957. p. 307-315.
-Kelley, D. G.; Goodpaster, B. H. Effects of exercise on glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. Vol. 33. Num. Suppl. 6. 2001. p. S495-S501.
-Kirk, A.; Mutrie, N.; MacIntyre, P.; Fisher, M. Effects of a 12-month physical activity counselling intervention on glycaemic control and on the status of cardiovascular risk factors in people with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. Vol. 47. Num. 5. 2004. p. 821-832.
-Krinski, K.; Elsangedy, H. M.; Nardo Junior, N.; Soares, I. A. Efeito do exercício físico aeróbio e resistido no perfil antropométrico e respostas cardiovasculares de idosos portadores de hipertensão. Acta Scientiarum. Health Sciences. Vol. 28. Num. 1. 2008. p. 71-75.
-Matthews, D. R.; Hosker, J. P.; Rudenski, A. S.; Naylor, B. A.; Treacher, D. F.; Turner, R. C. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and B-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. Vol. 28. Num. 7. 1985. p. 412-419.
-Monteiro, M. F.; Sobral Filho, D. C. Exercício físico e o controle da pressão arterial. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte. Vol. 10. Num. 6. 2004. p. 513-516.
-Nathan, D.M.; Turgeon, H.; Regan, S. Relationship between glycated haemoglobin levels and mean glucose levels over time. Diabetologia. Vol. 50. Num. 11. 2007. p. 2239-2244.
-O'Donovan, G.; Kearney, E. M.; Nevill, A. M.; Woolf-May, K.; R Bird, S. R. The effects of 24 weeks of moderate-or high-intensity exercise on insulin resistance. European journal applied physiology. Vol. 95. Num. 5-6. 2005. p. 522-528.
-Picon, P. X.; Leitão, C. B.; Gerchman, F.; Azevedo, M. J.; Silveiro, S. P.; Gross, J. L.; Canani, L. H. Medida da cintura e razão cintura/quadril e identificação de situações de risco cardiovascular: estudo multicêntrico em pacientes com diabetes melito do tipo 2. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabologia. Vol. 51. Num. 3. 2007. p. 443-449.
-Rhéaume, C.; Waib, P. H.; Lacourcière, Y.; Nadeau, A.; Cléroux, J. Effects of mild exercise on insulin sensitivity in hypertensive subjects. Hypertension. Vol. 39, Num. 5. 2002. p.989-995.
-Richardson, R. S.; Duteil, S.; Wary, C.; Wray, D. W.; Hoff, J.; Carlier, P. G. Human skeletal muscle intracellular oxygenation: the impact of ambient oxygen availability. The Journal of physiology. Vol. 571. Num. Pt 2. 2006. p. 415-424.
-Roveda, F.; Middlekauff, H. R.; Rondon, M. U. P. B.; Reis, S. F.; Souza, M., Nastari, L.; Barretto, A. C. P.; Krieger, E. M.; Negrão, C. E. The effects of exercise training on sympathetic neural activation in advanced heart failure: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. Vol. 42. Num. 5. 2003. p. 854-860.
-Sigal, R. J.; Kenny, G. P.; Wasserman, D. H.; Castaneda-Sceppa, C. Physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. Vol. 27. Num. 10. 2004. p. 2518-2539.
-Silva, C. A.; Lima, W. C. Efeito benéfico do exercício físico no controle metabólico do diabetes mellitus tipo 2 à curto prazo. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabologia. Vol. 46. Num. 5. 2002. p.550-556.
-Snowling, N. J.; Hopkins, W.G. Effects of different models of exercise training on glucose control and risk factors for complications in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. Vol. 29. Num. 11. 2006. p. 2518-2527.
-Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes, SBD. Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Diabetes: 2014-2015. org.: Oliveira, J.E.P.; Vencio, S. São Paulo: AC Farmacêutica. 2015.
-Stewart, K. J. Role of exercise training on cardiovascular disease in persons who have type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Cardiology clinics. Vol. 22. Num. 4. 2004. p. 569-586.
-Véras-Silva, A. S.; Mattos, K. C.; Gava, N. S.; Brum, P. C.; Negrão, C. E.; Krieger, E. M. Low-intensity exercise training decreases cardiac output and hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The American journal of physiology. Vol. 273. Num. 6. 1997. p. H2627-H2631.
Copyright (c) 2022 Roberto Carlos Vieira Junior, Elton Alves de Andrade
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish in this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant the journal the right of first publication, with work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License BY-NC which allows the sharing of the work with acknowledgment of the authorship of the work and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are authorized to enter into additional contracts separately for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (eg, publishing in institutional repository or book chapter), with acknowledgment of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are allowed and encouraged to post and distribute their work online (eg, in institutional repositories or on their personal page) at any point before or during the editorial process, as this can bring about productive change as well as increase impact and impact. citation of published work (See The Effect of Free Access).
